Okay, I used a different burner, and it still gave the same result. I'm starting to think that the problem stems from the image I was using and not the burner.
For the next burn, I've mounted an MDF/MDS file into a virtual drive that I have tested in an emulator beforehand, where it worked perfectly. I'm going to use CloneCD to burn the virtual drive's files onto a blank CD. I'll let you guys know if it works or not.